Xm1rpe.php - XML-RPC is one of the available protocols to access DokuWiki's Remote API . The API implements the Wiki RPC Interface 2.0 Specifications ( web.archive.org) in the wiki.* namespace and adds additional DokuWiki specific calls in the dokuwiki.* namespace. Plugins can add their own calls to the API using Remote Plugin components .

 
5 days ago · Source code: Lib/xmlrpc/client.py. XML-RPC is a Remote Procedure Call method that uses XML passed via HTTP (S) as a transport. With it, a client can call methods with parameters on a remote server (the server is named by a URI) and get back structured data. This module supports writing XML-RPC client code; it handles all the details of ... . Alf

To deny from all its beter to do it with a plugin like instead manuel Manage XML-RPC. İf you want to allow only for your self. Check if you dont have rpc false in your .htaccess and add the code below to enable only for your ip. <Files xmlrpc.php> order deny,allow deny from all allow from 10.123.456.000 //Replace with your ip </Files>.Aug 8, 2023 · Now that you understand why xmlrpc.php is used and why it should be deleted, let’s go over the two ways to disable it in WordPress. 1. Disabling Xmlrpc.php With Plugins. Disabling XML-RPC on your WordPress site couldn’t be easier. Simply navigate to the Plugins › Add New section from within your WordPress dashboard. Jan 25, 2023 · The xmlrpc.php file can be found in the WordPress core and is generally enabled by default, which leaves your WordPress site exposed to all kinds of malicious attacks. We are going to look at what the XMLRPC file is, what it does, and, more importantly, how to manage it while boosting your website’s security. What is XMLRPC? Step 2: Importing Remi PHP RPM Repository on CentOS Stream 9 or 8. The Remi PHP repository is a third-party repository that offers the latest PHP versions. Before adding the Remi repository, you must install the EPEL repository, which provides extra packages for Enterprise Linux.Jan 31, 2022 · I just tested the RewriteCond and it does not work. The only thing that works is RewriteCond % {REQUEST_URI} ^/xmlrpc.php, with 1 slash, wich block both /xmlrpc.php and //xmlrpc.php. If you want to block all requests its good for you, but if you want to block only requests with double slash, I dont't know. – Chris. Jan 31, 2022 at 18:57. Find the root file. The name of this file will differ based on your host. Choose the .htaccess file by clicking on it, then right-click. Choose “View/Edit” and add the following line of code to the file after the # END WordPress comment line: <Files xmlrpc.php>order deny,allowdeny from all</Files>.CVE-2019-16701 . webapps exploit for PHP platform Exploit Database Exploits. GHDB. Papers. Shellcodes. Search EDB. SearchSploit Manual. Submissions. Online Training . Stats. About Us. About Exploit-DB …Изучите гибкий и масштабируемый php. Познакомьтесь с языками веб-разработки HTML и CSS, чтобы понимать, как устроены интернет-страницы.Mar 3, 2016 · 131 3. Add a comment. 1. The best way is to use .htaccess file to block all requests by adding. # Block WordPress xmlrpc.php requests <Files xmlrpc.php> order deny,allow deny from all allow from 1.1.1.1 </Files>. to the end of the file but if you want the easiest way using Disable XML-RPC-API plugin will do the job. Share. Sep 18, 2012 · WordPress has this deactivated by default so we need to go into the settings in admin-panel and activate it. To do this, go to Settings -> Writing and just under the Remote Publishing title you will find XML-RPC with a checkbox right next to it that is deselected by default. Select it and click save changes. Now, we are able to communicate to ... 403 errors can be caused by different things. It is also not recommended to use the “Multiple Authentication”. I’ll suggest disabling the XMLRPC Multiple Authentication then, double-check and make sure that your IP address is added to the “Authorized Host” list? This can be found at Configure ⇉ Global Settings ⇉ Authorized Host.{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":"wp-admin","path":"wp-admin","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"wp-content","path":"wp ...{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":"wp-admin","path":"wp-admin","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"wp-content","path":"wp ...SimpleXMLElement::registerXPathNamespace () - Creates a prefix/ns context for the next XPath query. SimpleXMLElement::getDocNamespaces () - Returns namespaces declared in document. SimpleXMLElement::getNamespaces () - Returns namespaces used in document. leonjanzen at gmail dot com. To run an xpath query on an XML document …Click on Action and select Change Password. Set a New Password value then click Change Password. The server url is the instance’s domain (e.g. https://mycompany.odoo.com ), the database name is the name of the instance (e.g. mycompany ). The username is the configured user’s login as shown by the Change Password screen. Python.These classes extend the above classes to serve HTML documentation in response to HTTP GET requests. Servers can either be free standing, using DocXMLRPCServer, or embedded in a CGI environment, using DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler. class xmlrpc.server.DocXMLRPCServer(addr, …Aug 8, 2023 · Now that you understand why xmlrpc.php is used and why it should be deleted, let’s go over the two ways to disable it in WordPress. 1. Disabling Xmlrpc.php With Plugins. Disabling XML-RPC on your WordPress site couldn’t be easier. Simply navigate to the Plugins › Add New section from within your WordPress dashboard. 2 Answers. Double-check that the remote webserver is accepting HTTP Basic Authentication for the resource /xmlrpc.php, and that it further accepts your @username and @password. Per the docs, your XMLRPC incantation for an RPC client.call ("bwizzy") will generate something with Basic Auth like this:Multi-threaded XMLRPC brute forcer using amplification attacks targeting WordPress installations prior to version 4.4. - GitHub - aress31/xmlrpc-bruteforcer: Multi-threaded XMLRPC brute forcer using amplification attacks targeting WordPress installations prior to …The main weaknesses associated with XML-RPC are: Brute force attacks: Attackers try to login to WordPress using xmlrpc.php . lets see how that is actually done & how you might be able to leverage this while your trying to test a wordpress site for any potential vulnerabilites.xmlrpc.php is a file that represents a feature of WordPress that enables data to be transmitted with HTTP acting as the transport mechanism and XML as the encoding mechanism. This type of communication has been replaced by the WordPress REST API.{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":"README.md","path":"README.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"passwords.txt","path ...403 errors can be caused by different things. It is also not recommended to use the “Multiple Authentication”. I’ll suggest disabling the XMLRPC Multiple Authentication then, double-check and make sure that your IP address is added to the “Authorized Host” list? This can be found at Configure ⇉ Global Settings ⇉ Authorized Host.The main weaknesses associated with XML-RPC are: Brute force attacks: Attackers try to login to WordPress using xmlrpc.php . lets see how that is actually done & how you might be able to leverage this while your trying to test a wordpress site for any potential vulnerabilites.This script does Out of Band detection using the burp collaborator or you can use any other service , also you can check for port scans by adding a list of ports and automate it and look at the response on the screen. If the int value is greater than 0 then port is Open as we assume . "This script does the basic check so make sure to have a ...Languages. PHP 100.0%. XML RPC client and server around PHP's xmlrpc library - GitHub - DarkaOnLine/Ripcord: XML RPC client and server around PHP's xmlrpc library.Network Error: ServerParseError: Sorry, something went wrong. Please contact us at https://support.hackerone.com if this error persistsAstari is a digital marketing expert, with a focus on SEO and WordPress. She loves to share her wealth of knowledge through her writing, and enjoys surfing the internet for new information when she's not out in the waves or hiking a mountain.Package Information; Summary: Functions to write XML-RPC servers and clients: Maintainers: Christoph M. Becker < cmb at php dot net > (lead) [] Aug 31, 2021 · These methods are outlined below. 1. Disable xmlrpc.php with a Plugin. With a plugin, it could be very simple to disable XML-RPC on a WordPress website. Simply open your WordPress website as an administrator, and navigate to the Plugins › Add New section from within your WordPress dashboard. Package Information; Summary: Functions to write XML-RPC servers and clients: Maintainers: Christoph M. Becker < cmb at php dot net > (lead) [] CVE-2022-3590: WordPress <= 6.4.1 - Unauth. Blind SSRF vulnerability. of versions <= 6.4.1 are vulnerable to CVE-2022-3590 when XML-RPC or pingbacks is enabled. A WordPress website can be caused to execute requests to systems in internal network to reveal sensitive information of the server with blind Server Side Request …In the root folder of your site, you will find the .htaccess file. Double click on the file to download it and open it in a text editor. Add the following lines of code to the top of the file, then save and close it: # …Vulnerable App: #!/usr/bin/perl -w #Wordpress 2.1.2 SQL Injection POC #Credits: [email protected] #Thanks to ferruh ([email protected])for improving my exploitation skills #website:www.notsosecure.com #Wordpress version 2.1.2 is vulnerable to sql injection. This POC works when exploting with the credentials of a valid user.May 25, 2016 · 1. Blocking access to xmlrpc.php file.: I think you shouldn't: It cannot help you survive a real DDoS attack. As @cybmeta said, it might break many third party services. Allow access from certain IPs also doesn't help because IP can be faked and you cannot list all IPs which will use XML-RPC service. XML-RPC Support. WordPress uses an XML-RPC interface. WordPress has its own implementation for WordPress-specific functionality in an API called the WordPress API. This should be used when possible, and your client should use the API variants beginning with the wp prefix. WordPress also supports the Blogger API, metaWeblog API, Movable Type API ... Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.. Visit Stack ExchangeIf you have troubles installing the php extension, there is an alternative package which tries to implement the same API as pure-php library and can be installed via Composer: phpxmlrpc/polyfill-xmlrpc{"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"":{"items":[{"name":"wp-admin","path":"wp-admin","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"wp-content","path":"wp ...May 25, 2016 · 1. Blocking access to xmlrpc.php file.: I think you shouldn't: It cannot help you survive a real DDoS attack. As @cybmeta said, it might break many third party services. Allow access from certain IPs also doesn't help because IP can be faked and you cannot list all IPs which will use XML-RPC service. 403 errors can be caused by different things. It is also not recommended to use the “Multiple Authentication”. I’ll suggest disabling the XMLRPC Multiple Authentication then, double-check and make sure that your IP address is added to the “Authorized Host” list? This can be found at Configure ⇉ Global Settings ⇉ Authorized Host.PHP: XML-RPC - Manual Downloads Documentation Get Involved Help PHP UK Conference 2024 Getting Started Introduction A simple tutorial Language Reference Basic syntax Types Variables Constants Expressions Operators Control Structures Functions Classes and Objects Namespaces Errors Fibers Attributes References Explained Predefined Variables May 25, 2016 · 1. Blocking access to xmlrpc.php file.: I think you shouldn't: It cannot help you survive a real DDoS attack. As @cybmeta said, it might break many third party services. Allow access from certain IPs also doesn't help because IP can be faked and you cannot list all IPs which will use XML-RPC service. First, you need to find users from the WordPress site using a tool called WPscan. If you are using Kali Linux, WPScan should be installed by default on your system. Use the command below. wpscan ...Multi-threaded XMLRPC brute forcer using amplification attacks targeting WordPress installations prior to version 4.4. - GitHub - aress31/xmlrpc-bruteforcer: Multi-threaded XMLRPC brute forcer using amplification attacks targeting WordPress installations prior to …Sep 8, 2023 · Just right-click and select Edit on the .htaccess file. Next, insert the following code at the end of the file: # Block WordPress xmlrpc.php requests <Files xmlrpc.php> order deny,allow deny from all </Files>. Don’t forget to hit save before closing the window or tab. Editing the .htacess file to disable XMLRPC. Aug 29, 2019 · What is xmlrpc.php file and why you should care about it 2019-08-29 What is XML-RPC? According to Wikipedia, XML-RPC is a remote procedure call (RPC) protocol which uses XML to encode its calls and HTTP as a transport mechanism. WordPress utilizes this XML-RPC that is used to exchange information between computer systems over a network. Pre-requisites. Step-1: Install WPScan on Kali Linux. Step-2: Update Database and Run a Basic WPScan. Step-3: Scan for Vulnerable Themes and Plugins. Step-4: Enumerate WordPress Users with WPScan. Step-5: Bruteforce a WordPress Login Password With WPScan. Summary. Further Readings.Sep 8, 2023 · Just right-click and select Edit on the .htaccess file. Next, insert the following code at the end of the file: # Block WordPress xmlrpc.php requests <Files xmlrpc.php> order deny,allow deny from all </Files>. Don’t forget to hit save before closing the window or tab. Editing the .htacess file to disable XMLRPC. 5. Protect Your WordPress Configuration wp-config.php File. Probably the most important file in your WordPress website’s root directory is the wp-config.php file. It contains information about your WordPress database and how to connect to it. To protect your wp-config.php file from unauthorized access, simply add this code to your .htaccess …Go to Settings ‣ Users & Companies ‣ Users. Click on the user you want to use for XML-RPC access. Click on Action and select Change Password. Set a New Password value then click Change Password. The server url is the instance’s domain (e.g. https://mycompany.odoo.com ), the database name is the name of the instance (e.g. …10. If your server is an Apache, you can block access before WordPress is even reached with one line in your .htaccess: Redirect 403 /xmlrpc.php. You can add another line to keep the response short: ErrorDocument 403 "no". That will send a very minimal response (two bytes plus HTTP headers), and it will save your resources for …location = /xmlrpc.php {deny all;access_log off;log_not_found off;} Why are these messages still logged? nginx; logging; Share. Improve this question. Follow asked Dec 8, 2020 at 14:41. JoaMika JoaMika. 1,777 6 6 gold badges 33 33 silver badges 63 63 bronze badges. 2.Find the root file. The name of this file will differ based on your host. Choose the .htaccess file by clicking on it, then right-click. Choose “View/Edit” and add the following line of code to the file after the # END WordPress comment line: <Files xmlrpc.php>order deny,allowdeny from all</Files>.XML-RPC Functions. xmlrpc_decode_request — Decodes XML into native PHP types. xmlrpc_decode — Decodes XML into native PHP types. xmlrpc_encode_request — …Jetpack installs easily from the WordPress backend. First, log into your WordPress control panel and select Plugins->Add New in the left menu.. Jetpack should be automatically listed on the featured Plugins section of the Add New page. If you do not see it, you can search for Jetpack using the search box.. Click the Install Now button to …apt-mark to the rescue. I think it is a good idea to point out the existence of apt-mark hold <package-name>.Once you have a specific version installed that you want to keep, you can prevent accidental upgrades.<The code behind the system is stored in a file called xmlrpc.php, in the root directory of the site.> In my understanding, if in root of site, there’s no xmlrpc.php, which means the xmlrpc.php is disabled. Viewing 2 replies - 1 through 2 (of 2 total)In WordPress specifically (as opposed to vanilla PHP), there is a class available that uses WordPress' built-in HTTP request wrapper instead of relying on direct cURL calls. To use this wrapper, your code instead becomes: <?php require ABSPATH . WPINC . "/class-IXR.php"; require ABSPATH .CVE-2022-3590: WordPress <= 6.4.1 - Unauth. Blind SSRF vulnerability. of versions <= 6.4.1 are vulnerable to CVE-2022-3590 when XML-RPC or pingbacks is enabled. A WordPress website can be caused to execute requests to systems in internal network to reveal sensitive information of the server with blind Server Side Request …Jan 25, 2023 · The xmlrpc.php file can be found in the WordPress core and is generally enabled by default, which leaves your WordPress site exposed to all kinds of malicious attacks. We are going to look at what the XMLRPC file is, what it does, and, more importantly, how to manage it while boosting your website’s security. What is XMLRPC? Это бесплатный текстовый редактор для Windows, в котором можно открывать файлы PHP. Чтобы установить этот редактор: перейдите на страницу https://notepad-plus …Step 1 — Creating a MySQL Database and User for WordPress. WordPress uses MySQL to manage and store site and user information. Although you already have MySQL installed, let’s create a database and a user for WordPress to use. To get started, log in to the MySQL root (administrative) account.Oct 4, 2023 · xmlrpc.php is a file included in the WordPress core that enables remote communication with your WordPress site. It uses the XML-RPC protocol, allowing external applications, services, and clients ... How to protect your site against WordPress’ pingback vulnerability (3 ways) WordPress makes it easy to disable pingbacks on future posts. Just navigate to Settings > Discussion in your dashboard and deselect the relevant options: You can also disable pingbacks for specific posts in the editor: However, in order to fully disable pingbacks ...使用 PHP 代码或者插件方式关闭,xmlrpc.php 文件被扫描的时候,还是会加载整个 WordPress 代码,所以如果你不想浪费服务器资源在这上面,可以使用下面方式屏蔽服务器上 xmlrpc.php 文件的请求:. 1. Apache 可以通过在 .htaccess 文件前面添加以下代码:. <Files xmlrpc.php ...WordPress Core - Unauthenticated Blind SSRF. Simon Scannell and Thomas Chauchefoin. WordPress is the world’s most popular content management system, used by over 40% of all websites. This wide adoption makes it a top target for threat actors and security researchers that get paid for reporting security issues through their public bug bounty ...使用 PHP 代码或者插件方式关闭,xmlrpc.php 文件被扫描的时候,还是会加载整个 WordPress 代码,所以如果你不想浪费服务器资源在这上面,可以使用下面方式屏蔽服务器上 xmlrpc.php 文件的请求:. 1. Apache 可以通过在 .htaccess 文件前面添加以下代码:. <Files xmlrpc.php ...XML-RPC, which stands for Extensible Markup Language – Remote Procedure Call, provides a standardized way for software applications to communicate over the Internet. XML-RPC for PHP is affected by a remote code-injection vulnerability. An attacker may exploit this issue to execute arbitrary commands or code in the webserver …Pressed presents a unique attack vector on WordPress, where you have access to admin creds right from the start, but can’t log in because of 2FA. This means it’s time to abuse XML-RPC, the thing that wpscan shows as a vulnerability on every WordPress instance, is rarely useful. I’ll leak the source for the single post on the site, and see that’s …Web Services XML-RPC XML-RPC Functions Change language: Submit a Pull Request Report a Bug xmlrpc_encode_request (PHP 4 >= 4.1.0, PHP 5, PHP 7) …To get started with PHP, you'll need three things: a code editor for writing your code, an installed version of PHP, and XAMPP. We'll be using Visual Studio code in this …Aug 21, 2020 · WordPress login and xmlrpc.php IIS restrictions. wp-login.php, /wpadmin and xmlrpc.php are frequently targeted by bots in brute force attacks. Even if the site is secured to prevent the brute force attacks from succeeding, a common result of the repeated requests is the site will see a CPU spike causing it to become much slower to respond or it ... Use this with an XML-RPC client to decode a server response into native PHP variables. It will automatically translate the response XML-RPC data types into their PHP equivalents. This function will return only false is there is any problem with format of the XML it receives. Be careful with encodings, the xmlrpc-decode function is rather strict. The question states "is xmlrpc enabled in wordpress" and it is as it is. Means that I am interested for the software level check. If you have some kind of protocol filtering which is done on the network level - the xmlrpc is STIL enabled on the level of the wordpress, but its not going to work due to the network restriction.xmlrpc.php Handles incoming xmlrpc commands. Among other things, this allows posting without using the built-in web-based administrative interface. wp-admin wp-admin/admin.php The core of the admin files. Connects to the database, integrates the dynamic menu data, displays non-core console (dashboard) pages, etc. wp-admin/admin-db.phpThis script does Out of Band detection using the burp collaborator or you can use any other service , also you can check for port scans by adding a list of ports and automate it and look at the response on the screen. If the int value is greater than 0 then port is Open as we assume . "This script does the basic check so make sure to have a ...Sep 18, 2012 · WordPress has this deactivated by default so we need to go into the settings in admin-panel and activate it. To do this, go to Settings -> Writing and just under the Remote Publishing title you will find XML-RPC with a checkbox right next to it that is deselected by default. Select it and click save changes. Now, we are able to communicate to ... Pressed presents a unique attack vector on WordPress, where you have access to admin creds right from the start, but can’t log in because of 2FA. This means it’s time to abuse XML-RPC, the thing that wpscan shows as a vulnerability on every WordPress instance, is rarely useful. I’ll leak the source for the single post on the site, and see that’s …

Aug 8, 2023 · Now that you understand why xmlrpc.php is used and why it should be deleted, let’s go over the two ways to disable it in WordPress. 1. Disabling Xmlrpc.php With Plugins. Disabling XML-RPC on your WordPress site couldn’t be easier. Simply navigate to the Plugins › Add New section from within your WordPress dashboard. . Corpus christi cronica post

xm1rpe.php

In the root folder of your site, you will find the .htaccess file. Double click on the file to download it and open it in a text editor. Add the following lines of code to the top of the file, then save and close it: # Block WordPress xmlrpc.php requests <Files xmlrpc.php> order deny,allow deny from all </Files>Code.This module attempts to authenticate against a Wordpress-site (via XMLRPC) using username and password combinations indicated by the USER_FILE, PASS_FILE, and USERPASS_FILE options. Setup using DocksalThe easiest way to blog from Microsoft Office Word is to use the Blog post template when you start a new document. Word walks you through the one-time setup process so that you can publish documents as blog posts. In Word 2010, Word 2013, and Word 2016, select File > New > Blog post. In Word 2007, click the Microsoft Office Button , and then ...Step 3: Add PHP 8.3 PPA on Ubuntu 22.04 or 20.04. To access the latest PHP versions, integrate the Ondřej Surý’s PHP PPA into your Ubuntu system. This repository is more up-to-date than Ubuntu’s default PHP packages. Import this repository using the following: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php -y.Helpful Resources. WordPress Video Tutorials WPBeginner’s WordPress 101 video tutorials will teach you how to create and manage your own site(s) for FREE.; WPBeginner Facebook Group Get our WordPress experts and community of 95,000+ smart website owners (it's free).; WordPress Glossary WPBeginner’s WordPress Glossary lists …What Is xmlrpc.php? XML-RPC is a specification that enables communication between WordPress and other systems. It did this by standardizing those communications, using HTTP as the transport …I'm using Wordpress XML-RPC to automatically post to my blog and I got these two functions working from PHP: wp.newPost and wp.uploadFile. However, when I run them in one php script as shown below: (just included the important parts) Wordpress is not detecting attachment_id from wp.uploadFile when I try to post even though …Most PHP apps that require XML-RPC use an XML-RPC client library written in PHP. For example, you can use this popular PHP XML-RPC library. PHP also has an …This is what I am getting when trying to acess odoo9 community edition installation from wordpress via xml-rpc api. Have set it in the configuration by adding the following code to openerp-server.conf xmlrpc = true xmlrpc_port=8069 I have checked my wordpress root contains xmlrpc.php file and .htaccess doesn't block it. odoo is installed on AWS ubuntu …Nov 6, 2023 · Eliot Molina. XMLRPC PHP is an important part of WordPress that allows for remote access and communication with the WordPress platform. It’s a useful tool, but can be a security risk if not properly managed. I suggest everyone to take extra steps to secure it. Reply. It was recently reported about a WordPress Pingback Vulnerability, whereby an attacker has four potential ways to cause harm via xmlrpc.php, which is the file included in WordPress for XML-RPC Support (e.g., “pingbacks”). In this post, I offer a simple .htaccess technique to lock things down and protect against any meddling via the …xmlrpc.php Handles incoming xmlrpc commands. Among other things, this allows posting without using the built-in web-based administrative interface. wp-admin wp-admin/admin.php The core of the admin files. Connects to the database, integrates the dynamic menu data, displays non-core console (dashboard) pages, etc. wp-admin/admin-db.phpFeb 22, 2023 · Introduction. Welcome to the homepage of "XML-RPC for PHP". It is a library implementing the XML-RPC protocol, written in PHP.It is also known as PHPXMLRPC. It is designed for ease of use, flexibility and completeness. XML-RPC, which stands for Extensible Markup Language – Remote Procedure Call, provides a standardized way for software applications to communicate over the Internet. XML-RPC for PHP is affected by a remote code-injection vulnerability. An attacker may exploit this issue to execute arbitrary commands or code in the webserver …XML-RPC functionality is implemented through the xmlrpc.php file, which can be found in the document root directory of any WordPress site. Even though it’s a default feature, the file's functionality and size have significantly decreased, and it doesn’t play as large of a role as it did earlier. Problematic Nature of XML-RPC in WordPressIt's a spec and a set of implementations that allow software running on disparate operating systems, running in different environments to make procedure calls over the Internet. It's remote procedure calling using HTTP as the transport and XML as the encoding. XML-RPC is designed to be as simple as possible, while allowing complex data ... .

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